There are a number of references that you should look into. Below is a short list to start with.

• Books
  • The Psychology of Computer Programming - Silver Anniversary Editioni
    Author: Gerald M. Weinberg
    Publisher: Dorset House
    ISBN: 0-932633-42-0
    Description: This book was first written over 25 years ago - and it is possibly more correct now than when it was written. Even though some of the examples seem a little dated, if you plan to make a living in the computer field, you should read this book. The Silver Anniversary Edition includes chapter-by-chapter updates by the original author.
  • Introduction to Algorithms (Amazon)
    Authors: Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein
    Publisher: McGraw Hill
    ISBN: 0-07-013151-1
    Description: This is the book to get and study. If you know the material in this book (and can understand the book), you are ready to go out and design/implement software. This should be your bible (at least a good starting place).
  • Programmers At Work
    Author: Lammers Susan
    Description: Interview with some of the people who shaped the computer industry. Out of Print. Dr. Dobbs Journal offers a CD including the full text of the book and other interviews for $25.
  • Programming Challenges by Steven S. Skiena and Miguel Revilla
  • Competitve Programming
    Authors: Steven and Felix Halim
    Description: A primer of competitive programming integrated closely with UVA Online Judge. (First edition is available as a free download).
  • Competitive Programmer's Handbook
    Author: Antti Laaksonen
    This is available as a free PDF or in a more comprehensive manner as Springer Book. It looks real good.
  • Art of Programming Contest (pdf)
    Author: Ahmed Shamsul Arefin
    A good first book or Competitive Programming and is a free PDF download.
  • Principles of Algorithmic Problem Solving (pdf) (local copy)
  • The Algorithm Design Manual
  • Computational Geometry: Algorithms and Applications
    Authors: Mark de Berg, Otfried Cheong, Marc van Kreveld, Mark Overmars
    Description: Throrough coverage of Computational Geometry algorithms
  • The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Programming Contests (pdf)
    Author: Nite Nimajneb
    Another first read for competitive programming available as a free PDF downlaod.
  • Problems on Algorithms by Ian Parberry
  • Competitive Programming by Steven Halim, Felix Halim
  • Algorithms (Local copy (pdf)) Jeff Erickson, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, class notes, exercises, tests (950+ pages)
  • CIS 680: DATA STRUCTURES (Data Structures, Algorithms, and Applications in C++)
• Web Articles about Programming Contests
  • ACM Articles
    • ACM article about Teamwork in Programming Contests (local copy)
    • Common Mistakes in Online and Real-time Contests
    • Programming contest strategy
  • Georga Tech Channel
• Other Programming Contest Classes
  • Stanford CS 971
  • CMU
  • Stony Brook University CS 392 - Steven Skiena who wrote Programming Challenges
  • Washington University CSE 392 -- gone
  • Loyola University Chicago -- changed
  • Unoversity of Utah CS 4960 -- gone
  • New York University
  • Montana State University -- gone
  • Montana Tech CS 164 -- gone
  • Kent State CS 33011 (pdf)
  • Duke CS 309 -- gone
  • University of Wisconsin Oshkosh CS 314 -- gone
  • Algorithmic Problem Solving and Programming in a Competitve Environment
  • Steven Halim (Competitive Programming author) CS3233 Competitive Programming
    • Week 1 (pdf)
    • Week 2 (pdf)
    • Week 3 (pdf)
    • Week 4 (pdf)
    • Week 5 (pdf)
    • Week 6 (pdf)
    • Week 8 (pdf) (no week 7)
    • Week 9 (pdf)
    • Week 10 (pdf) (no week 11)
    • Week 12 (pdf)
• History
  • 40 years of Turbo Pascal, the coding diinosaur that revolutionized IDEs
• CS Classes
  • Harvard CS50
• Useful Web Sites
  • UVa Online Judge
  • ACM Solver
  • Intro to a number of approaches
  • UVA Toolkit (you provide input file, it gives correct output file)
  • uDebug (it will produce correct output given input, sometimes it provides random input and/or critical input)
  • UVA Problem Classification
  • The Algorithmist
  • Data Structures and Algorithms Tutorial
  • Collection of links to Competitive Programming Resources
  • Competitive Programming Algorithms
• Contest Stratedgy, Hints
  • Tips for Beginners to do well in contest
  • Syllabus from a Programming Camp (pdf) (borrowed from the internet)
• Random Items of Interest
  • Test your typing speed (I got 35 wpm)
  • Bit Twiddling Hacks
• Referenced Slashdot articles:
  • How Do I Get Back a Passion For Programming?
  • Career Advice: Don't Call Yourself a Programmer
• Ted Talks
  • A performance of "Mathemagic"
  • Math is the hidden secret to understanding the world
  • The magic of Fibonacci numbers
  • Math class needs a makeover
  • Do schools kill creativity?
  • How great leaders inspire action
  • How to speak so that people want to listen
  • Why dieting doesn't usually work
  • Teach teachers how to create magic
  • Playing "Pink Noise" on guitar
  • The art of puzzles
  • Teach statistics before calculus!
  • Two nerdy obsessions meet — and it's magic
  • The astounding athletic power of quadcopters
  • Cheap, effective shelter for disaster relief
  • Teachers need real feedback
  • The surprising habits of original thinkers
• Other Videos
  • Changing How We Think About Transportation | Paul Elio | TEDxDetroit
  • Andrew Sorensen Keynote: "The Concert Programmer" - OSCON 2014
• Cheat Sheets
  • Cheat Sheet indicies
    • Quick Reference Cards
    • Catonmat Cheat Sheets
  • C/C++ sheets
    • C++ (pdf) (1 sheet bifold)
  • Perl
    • Perl Cheat Sheet
    • Perl Quick Reference Card (pdf) (double sided sheet trifold)
    • Perl predefined variables (pdf)
  • PHP
    • PHP (1 page)
  • Python
    • Python Cheat Sheet (one page)
    • Python 2.7 (pdf) (45 pages)
    • Python 2.6 (pdf) (50 pages)
  • Regular Expressions
    • .NET RegExpLib
  • Unix/Linux
    • Unix/Linux Command Reference (pdf) (1 page)
    • The One Sheet Linux Manual (pdf)
  • Vi/Vim
    • Keyboard Oriented (Cheatsheet Tutorial
    • Why do so many programmers prefer vi or Emacs to using an IDE?
    • Why, oh WHY, do those #?@! nutheads use vi?
    • VIM AND REGEXES - SPICE UP YOUR TEXT EDITOR
  • Linux/Bash
    • Quick Bash Reference (pdf)
    • Bash Cheat Sheet (pdf)
    • Linux Bash Shell Cheat Sheet (pdf)
    • Bash Programming Cheat Sheet
    • Bash History Cheat Sheet (pdf)
    • bash help sheet - shortcuts (pdf) key bindings
    • Bash shell keybindings cheat sheet
    • Linux Quick Reference (pdf)
    • John's Bash Cheat Sheet
  • Regular Expressions
    • Regular Expressions (pdf)
  • Github master lists of PC resources
    • Inishan awesome-competitive-programming
    • snist-osdg competitive-programming
    • jnikhilreddy Competitive-programming-resources
  • LSU HPC Training Sessions
    • Perl Intro (pdf)
    • Subversion Intro (pdf)
    • Intro to Linux
    • Bash Scripting Intro (pdf)
    • Make (pdf)
  UW-Madison